نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
2 دانشیار، دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
3 استاد، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
4 استاد، دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، تهران، ایران
5 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده فیزیک، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در سلولهای خورشیدی پروسکایتی (PSCs)، تخلیه مؤثر الکترونها و کاهش بازترکیب زوجهای الکترون-حفره در فصل مشترک لایه انتقالدهنده الکترون (ETL)/پروسکایت، برای دستیابی به عملکرد بالاتر ضروری است. در این پژوهش، اثر حضور یک لایه بسیار نازک اکسید فلزی با ضخامت کمتر از ۱۰ نانومتر بر روی ETL اصلی با ضخامت ۵۰ نانومتر در بهبود عملکرد فتوولتاییکی سلول، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور، مجموعه کاملی از ساختارهای دولایهای برای سه ماده اکسید فلزی ETL رایج در PSC ها یعنی TiO2، SnO2 و WO3 به روش دقیق و تکرارپذیر کندوپاش بسامد رادیویی، لایه نشانی شد و عملکرد آنها بهعنوان ETL در سلول، مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. مشخصه یابی های ساختاری و الکتریکی سلولها و ETL های مختلف، توسط پراش پرتوی ایکس (XRD)، میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی نشر میدانی (FE-SEM)، طیفسنجی UV-vis، آنالیز مت-شاتکی و نمودارهای J-V مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نشان داده شد که بهکارگیری ساختارهای دولایهای TiO2/SnO2-UTL، TiO2/WO3-UTL و SnO2/WO3-UTL با ایجاد صفبندی مؤثرتر ترازهای انرژی، بازدهی سلول را بهطور قابل ملاحظهای افزایش میدهد. از سوی دیگر، با استفاده از ساختارهای دولایهای معکوسِ آنها یعنی SnO2/TiO2-UTL، WO3/TiO2-UTL و WO3/SnO2-UTL بازدهی سلولها کاهش یافت. نتایج حاصلشده، یک رهیافت ساده و امیدبخش را برای طراحی مؤثرتر ادوات فتوولتاییکی با عملکرد بهبودیافته پیشنهاد می دهد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Synthesis and Optimization of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Using TiO2/SnO2, TiO2/WO3 and SnO2/WO3 Electron Transport Bilayer Structures
نویسندگان [English]
- Mozhgan Kazemzadeh Otoufi 1
- Mehdi Ranjbar 2
- Ahmad Kermanpur 3
- Nima Taghavinia 4
- Mahsa Heidari 5
1 Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
5 Ph. D. Student, Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), effective electron extraction and reduction of electron-hole pair recombination at the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface is essential for obtaining higher performance. In this research, the presence effect of a metal oxide ultra-thin layer (< 10 nm thick) on the major ETL (≈ 50 nm thick) in improving the photovoltaic performance of the cell was investigated. For this purpose, a complete set of bilayer structures for the three common ETL metal oxide materials TiO2, SnO2 and WO3, were provided using the accurate and reproducible radio-frequency (RF) sputtering deposition method, and their performance as ETL in the cell was compared. Structural and electrical characterizations of different cells and ETLs were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky analysis and J-V diagrams. The use of TiO2/SnO2-UTL, TiO2/WO3-UTL and SnO2/WO3-UTL bilayer structures has been shown to significantly increase cell efficiency by creating more efficient energy band alignment. On the other hand, using their inverted bilayer structures, SnO2/TiO2-UTL, WO3/TiO2-UTL, and WO3/SnO2-UTL, resulted in reduced cell efficiency. The results suggest a simple and promising approach to designe more efficient photovoltaic devices with improved performance.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Planar Perovskite Solar Cell
- RF Sputtering
- TiO2
- SnO2
- WO3
- Farzan, H., "The study of thermostat impact on energy consumption in a residential building by using TRNSYS", Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (JREE),Vol. 6, (2019), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.30501/JREE.2019.95531
- Torknik, F. S., Choi, G. M., Maghsoudipour, A., Kianpour Rad, M., "Nanostructuring platinum nanoparticles on Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ anode for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell via single-step infiltration: A case study", Advanced Ceramics Progress,Vol. 4, (2018), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.30501/ACP.2018.90833
- Web., Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
- Ke, W., Fang, G., Wan, J., Tao, H., Liu, Q., Xiong, L., Qin, P., Wang, J., Lei, H., Yang, G., Qin, M., Zhao, X., Yan, Y., "Efficient hole-blocking layer-free planar halide perovskite thin-film solar cells", Nature Communications,Vol. 6, (2015), 6700-6706. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7700
- Liu, H., Huang, Z., Wei, S., Zheng, L., Xiao, L., Gong, Q., "Nano-structured electron transporting materials for perovskite solar cells", Nanoscale,Vol. 8, (2016), 6209-6221. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR05207F
- Salehi, A., Sadrnezhaad, S., "Comparison of carbon nitride nanosheets synthesized by thermal and ultrasonic thermal (combined) methods", Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies (JAMT),Vol. 8, No. 4, (2020), 1-7. (In Farsi). https://doi.org/10.30501/JAMT.2020.93224
- Yang, G., Tao, H., Qin, P., Ke, W., Fang, G., "Recent progress in electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells", Journal of Materials Chemistry A,Vol. 4, (2016), 3970-3990. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA09011C
- Eslami Afrooz, I., Chuan Ching, D. L., "Effect of novel swirl distributor plate on hydrodynamics of fluidized bed gasifier", International Journal of Engineering,Vol. 32, (2019), 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2019.32.10A.04
- Li, X., Bi, D., Yi, C., Décoppet, J. -D., Luo, J., Zakeeruddin, S. M., Hagfeldt, A., Grätzel, M., "A vacuum flash–assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells", Science,Vol. 353, (2016), 58-62. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6294/58
- Chen, W., Wu, Y., Yue, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Chen, H., Bi, E., Islam, A., Grätzel, M., Han, L., "Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers", Science,Vol. 35, (2015), 944-948. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6263/944
- Jiang, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, H., Yang, X., Meng, J., Liu, H., Yin, Z., Wu, J., Zhang, X., You, J., "Enhanced electron extraction using SnO2 for high-efficiency planar-structure HC (NH2)2PbI3-based perovskite solar cells", Nature Energy,Vol. 2, (2017), 16177. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.177
- Tan, H., Jain, A., Voznyy, O., Lan, X., De Arquer, F. P. G., Fan, J. Z., Quintero-Bermudez, R., Yuan, M., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., Fan, F., Li, P., Na Quan, L., Zhao, Y., Lu, Z. -H., Yang, Z., Hoogland, S., Sargent, E. H., "Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation", Science,Vol. 355, (2017), 722-726. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6326/722
- Wu, Y., Yang, X., Chen, W., Yue, Y., Cai, M., Xie, F., Bi, E., Islam, A., Han, L., "Perovskite solar cells with 18.21 % efficiency and area over 1 cm2 fabricated by heterojunction engineering", Nature Energy,Vol. 1, (2016), 16148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.148
- Choi, J., Song, S., Hörantner, M. T., Snaith, H. J., Park, T., "Well-defined nanostructured, single-crystalline TiO2 electron transport layer for efficient planar perovskite solar cells", ACS Nano,Vol. 10, (2016), 6029-6036. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01575
- Edri, E., Kirmayer, S., Henning, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Gartsman, K., Rosenwaks, Y., Hodes, G., Cahen, D., "Why lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite-based solar cells require a mesoporous electron transporting scaffold (but not necessarily a hole conductor)", Nano Letters,Vol. 14, (2014), 1000-1004. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404454h
- Mohammadian-Sarcheshmeh, H., Mazloum-Ardakani, M., "Recent advancements in compact layer development for perovskite solar cells", Heliyon,Vol. 4, (2018), 00912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00912
- Abrusci, A., Stranks, S. D., Docampo, P., Yip, H. -L.,. Jen, A. K. -Y, Snaith, H. J., "High-performance perovskite-polymer hybrid solar cells via electronic coupling with fullerene monolayers", Nano Letters,Vol. 13, (2013), 3124-3128. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401044q
- Wojciechowski, K., Stranks, S. D., Abate, A., Sadoughi, G., Sadhanala, A., Kopidakis, N., Rumbles, G., Li, C. -Z., Friend, R. H., Jen, A. K. -Y., Snaith, H. J., "Heterojunction modification for highly efficient organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells", ACS Nano,Vol. 8, (2014), 12701-12709. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn505723h
- Yang, D., Zhou, X., Yang, R., Yang, Z., Yu, W., Wang, X., Li, C., Liu, Z. (F.), Chang, R. P. H., "Surface optimization to eliminate hysteresis for record efficiency planar perovskite solar cells", Energy & Environmental Science,Vol. 9, (2016), 3071-3078. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE02139E
- Li, Y., Zhu, J., Huang, Y., Liu, F., Lv, M., Chen, S., Hu, L., Tang, J., Yao, J., Dai, S., "Mesoporous SnO2 nanoparticle films as electron-transporting material in perovskite solar cells", RSC Advances,Vol. 5, (2015), 28424-28429. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA01540E
- Osali, S., Esfahani, H., Karami, H. R., "Photoluminescence and IR properties of Al doped ZnO nanofibers." Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies (JAMT),Vol. 8, No. 4, (2020), 9-17. (In Farsi). https://doi.org/10.30501/JAMT.2020.104190
- Kulkarni, A., Jena, A. K., Chen, H. -W., Sanehira, Y., Ikegami, M., Miyasaka, T., "Revealing and reducing the possible recombination loss within TiO2 compact layer by incorporating MgO layer in perovskite solar cells", Solar Energy,Vol. 136, (2016), 379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.07.019
- Lu, H., Tian, W., Gu, B., Zhu, Y., Li, L., "TiO2 electron transport bilayer for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cell", Small,Vol. 13, (2017), 1701535. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701535
- Xu, X., Zhang, H., Shi, J., Dong, J., Luo, Y., Li, D., Meng, Q., "Highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells with a TiO2/ZnO electron transport bilayer", Journal of Materials Chemistry A,Vol. 2, (2015), 19288-19293. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04239A
- Otoufi, M. K., Ranjbar, M., Kermanpur, A., Taghavinia, N., Minbashi, M., Forouzandeh, M., Ebadi, F., “Enhanced performance of planar perovskite solar cells using TiO2/SnO2 and TiO2/WO3 bilayer structures: Roles of the interfacial layers”, Solar Energy, Vol. 208, (2020), 697-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.08.035
- Kogo, A., Ikegami, M., Miyasaka, T., "A SnOx–brookite TiO2 bilayer electron collector for hysteresis-less high efficiency plastic perovskite solar cells fabricated at low process temperature", Chemical Communications,(2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC02589G
- Qiu, L., Liu, Z., Ono, L. K., Jiang, Y., Son, D. Y., Hawash, Z., He, S., Qi, Y., "Scalable fabrication of stable high efficiency perovskite solar cells and modules utilizing room temperature sputtered SnO2 electron transport layer", Advanced Functional Materials,(2018), 1806779. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806779
- Huang, X., Hu, Z., Xu, J., Wang, P., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., "Low-temperature processed SnO2 compact layer by incorporating TiO2 layer toward efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,Vol. 164, (2017), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.02.010
- Lu, G., He, F., Pang, S., Yang, H., Chen, D., Chang, J., Lin, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., "A PCBM-modified TiO2 blocking layer towards efficient perovskite solar cells", International Journal of Photoenergy,(2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2562968
- Eze, V. O., Seike, Y., Mori, T., "Efficient planar perovskite solar cells using solution-processed amorphous WOx/fullerene C60 as electron extraction layers", OrganicElectronics,Vol. 46, (2017), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.04.024
- Noh, M. F. M., Teh, C. H., Daik, R., Lim, E. L., Yap, C. C., Ibrahim, M. A., Ludin, M. A., Yusoff, A. R. B. M., Jang, J., Teridi, M. A. M., "The architecture of the electron transport layer for a perovskite solar cell", Journal of Materials Chemistry C,Vol. 6, (2018), 682-712. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC04649A
- Saliba, M., Matsui, T., Seo, J.-Y., Domanski, K., Correa-Baena, J.-P., Nazeeruddin, M. K., Zakeeruddin, S. M., Tress, W., Abate, A., Hagfeldt, A., Grätzel, M., "Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency", Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, (2016), 1989-1997. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE03874J
- Swanepoel, R., "Determination of surface roughness and optical constants of inhomogeneous amorphous silicon films", Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments,Vol. 17, (1984), 896. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3735/17/10/023/meta
- Wang, K., Shi, Y., Dong, Q., Li, Y., Wang, S., Yu, X., Wu, M., Ma, T., "Low-temperature and solution-processed amorphous WOx as electron-selective layer for perovskite solar cells", The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,Vol. 6, (2015), 755-759. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00010
- Ganbavle, V., Agawane, G., Moholkar, A., Kim, J., Rajpure, K., "Structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties of the spray-deposited WO3 thin films", Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,Vol. 23, (2014), 1204-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0873-3
- Lim, S., Huang, N. M., Lim, H. N., Mazhar, M., "Surface modification of aerosol-assisted CVD produced TiO2 thin film for dye sensitised solar cell", International Journal of Photoenergy,(2014). https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/586707
- Reyes-Coronado, D., Rodríguez-Gattorno, G., Espinosa-Pesqueira, M., Cab, C., de Coss, R. d., Oskam, G., "Phase-pure TiO2 nanoparticles: anatase, brookite and rutile", Nanotechnology,Vol. 19, (2008), 145605. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/19/14/145605/meta
- Li J., Wu, N., "Semiconductor-based photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells for solar fuel generation: a review", Catalysis Science & Technology,Vol. 5, (2015), 1360-1384. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CY00974F
- Berberich, L., Bell, M., "The dielectric properties of the rutile form of TiO2", Journal of Applied Physics,Vol. 11, (1940), 681-692. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1712721
- Kormann, C., Bahnemann, D. W., Hoffmann, M. R., "Preparation and characterization of quantum-size titanium dioxide", The Journal of Physical Chemistry,Vol. 92, (1988), 5196-5201. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100329a027
- Yıldırım, M. A., Yıldırım, S. T., Sakar, E. F., Ateş, A., "Synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties of SnO2 thin films", Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,Vol. 133, (2014), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.035
- Button, K. J., Fonstad, C. G., Dreybrodt, W., "Determination of the electron masses in stannic oxide by submillimeter cyclotron resonance", Physical Review B,Vol. 4, (1971), 4539. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.4.4539
- Paliwal, A., Sharma, A., Tomar, M., Gupta, V., "Optical properties of WO3 thin films using surface plasmon resonance technique", Journal of Applied Physics,Vol. 115, (2014), 043104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4862962
- Berak J. M., Sienko, M., "Effect of oxygen-deficiency on electrical transport properties of tungsten trioxide crystals", Journal of Solid State Chemistry,Vol. 2, (1970), 109-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(70)90040-X
- Roh, S. -J., Mane, R. S., Min, S. -K., Lee, W. -J., Lokhande, C., Han, S. -H., "Achievement of 4.51 % conversion efficiency using ZnO recombination barrier layer in TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cells", Applied Physics Letters,Vol. 89, (2006), 253512. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2410240
- Minemoto T., Murata, M., "Theoretical analysis on effect of band offsets in perovskite solar cells", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,Vol. 133, (2015), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.036