Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

The Role of Various Ratios of Liquid Phase Constituents on the Setting Time and Strength of Polymethyl Methacrylate Bone Cement

Document Type : Original Reaearch Article

Authors
Nader Nezafati 1
Saeed Hesaraki 2
Shokoufeh Borhan 3
1 Associate professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
3 Assistant professor, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Technical University of Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran.
10.30501/jamt.2025.499806.1316
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the ratio of different components of the liquid phase on the properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement was investigated. Polymethyl methacrylate microspheres were synthesized through the emulsion method. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that microspheres with a size of 20 microns were obtained. The optimized bone cement, in terms of mechanical strength and setting time, was achieved by changing the molar ratio of methyl methacrylate (as monomer), benzoyl peroxide (as an initiator), and methyl toluene (as an activator). The presence of benzoyl peroxide, methyl toluidine, and hydroquinone (as the inhibitory agent) was confirmed by Fourier transform spectroscopy analysis. The setting time varied from 10 minutes to 24 hours, and the compressive strength and elastic modulus ranged from 7 to 60 MPa and 0.15 to 0.88 GPa, respectively. The results from thermometry analysis showed that the heat of reaction of the cements increased upon increasing the molar ratio of benzoyl peroxide to methyl toluene. The phase analysis of the optimized bone cement confirmed the presence of both amorphous and crystalline phases related to methyl methacrylate. Cell studies showed that the cement was non-toxic and exhibited adequate fibroblast cell adhesion. According to the results, the cement may be appropriate for the treatment of spinal damages, such as vetebroplasty and kyphoplasty.
Keywords
Polymethyl Methacrylate Bone
Cement
Liquid Phase
Mechanical Properties
Thermometry
Cytotoxicity
Subjects
  1. Ahmad, S., Ahmad S., & Agnihotry, S. A. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of in situ prepared poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Bulletin of Materials Science, 30(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-007-0006-9
  2. Aita, H., Tsukimura, N., Yamada, M., Hori, N., Kubo, K., Sato, N., Maeda, H., Kimoto, K., & Ogawa, T. (2010). N-acetyl cysteine prevents polymethyl methacrylate bone cement extract-induced cell death and functional suppression of rat primary osteoblasts. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A, 92, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32336
  3. Akat, H., Tasdelen, M. , Prez, F., & Yagci, Y. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of polymer/clay nanocomposites by intercalated chain transfer agent. European Polymer Journal, 44(7), 1949–1954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.018
  4. Al-Janabi, S., Al-Maamori, M. H., & Braihi, A. J. (2021). Developing of PMMA Bone Cement Performance by Modified TiO2NPs. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, (Vol. 1094, No. 1, p. 012150). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012150
  5. Bellare, A., et al., (2007). Orthopaedic bone cement, The Adult Hip, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 144–155. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12460-5_42
  6. Corbett, K. , Losina, E., Nti, A. A., Prokopetz, J. J. Z., & Katz, J. N. (2010). Population-based rates of revision of primary total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review. PLoS One, 5, e13520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013520
  7. Cui, X, Huang, C. , Zhang, M., Ruan, C., Peng, S., Li L., Liu, W., Wang, T., Li, B., Huang, W., Rahaman, M. N., Lu, W.W. & Pan, H. (2017). Enhanced osteointegration of poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cements by incorporating strontium-containing borate bioactive glass. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 14(131), 20161057. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.1057
  8. Cyphert, E. , Learn, G. D., Hurley, S. K., Lu, C. y., & von Recum, H. A. (2018). An additive to PMMA bone cement enables postimplantation drug refilling, broadens range of compatible antibiotics, and prolongs antimicrobial therapy. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 7(21), 1800812. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201800812
  9. Declercq, H., Van den Vreken, N., De Maeyer, E., Verbeeck, R., Schacht, E., De Ridder, L., & Cornelissen, M. (2004). Isolation, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells to study cell/biomaterial interactions: comparison of different isolation techniques and source. Biomaterials, 25(5), 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00580-5
  10. Elshereksi, N. , Mohamed, S. H., Arifin, A., & Ishak, Z. A. M. (2014). Thermal Characterisation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Filled with Barium Titanate as Denture Base Material. Journal of Physical Science, 25(2), 15–27. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269987579
  11. Fazli, Y., Kulani, E., Khezri, K., & Alijani, H. (2015). PMMA-grafted silica aerogel nanoparticles via in situ SR&NI ATRP: Grafting through approach. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 214, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.04.028
  12. Hamajima, K., Ozawa, R., Saruta, J., Saita, M., Kitajima, H., Taleghani, S. , Usami, D., Goharian, D., Uno, M., Miyazawa K., & Ogawa, T. (2020). The Effect of TBB, as an Initiator, on the Biological Compatibility of PMMA/MMA Bone Cement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11), 4016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114016
  13. Hasenwinkel, J. , Lautenschlager, E. P., Wixson, R. L., & Gilbert, J. L. (1999). A novel high-viscosity, two-solution acrylic bone cement: Effect of chemical composition on properties. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 47, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199910)47:1<36::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-R
  14. He, Z., Zhai, Q., Hu, M., Cao, C., Wang, J., Yang H., & Li B. (2015). Bone cements for percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty: Current status and future developments. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 3, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2014.11.002
  15. ISO 10993, Biological evaluation of medicaldevices-Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity. International Standards Organization, 2009. https://www.iso.org/standard/36406.html
  16. Kojima, N., Yamada, M., Paranjpe, A. N. Tsukimura, Kubo, K., Jewett, A., & Ogawa, T. (2008). Restored viability and function of dental pulp cells on poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based dental resin supplemented with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Dental Materials, 24, 1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2008.04.008
  17. Kuehn, K. , Ege, W., & Gopp, U. (2005). Acrylic bone cements: mechanical and physical properties. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 36(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2004.06.011
  18. Lewis, G. (2006). Injectable Bone Cements for Use in Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty: State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 76(2), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30398
  19. Li, T., Weng, X., Bian, Y., Zhou, L., Cui, F., & Qiu, Z. (2015). Influence of Nano-HA Coated Bone Collagen to Acrylic (Polymethylmethacrylate) Bone Cement on Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0129018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129018
  20. Lieberman, I. , Togawa, D., & Kayanja, M. M. (2005). Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: filler materials. The Spine Journal, 5, 305S–316S. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2005.02.020
  21. Machado, R. F., Oliveira, P. F., Barth, D., & Acosta E. D. (2016). Dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide using vinyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane). Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 103, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.10.022
  22. Minamikawa, H., Yamada, M., Iwasa, F., Ueno, T., Deyama, Y., Suzuki, K., Yawaka, Y., & Ogawa, T. (2010). Amino acid derivative-mediated detoxification and functionalization of dual cure dental restorative material for dental pulp cell mineralization. Biomaterials, 31, 7213–7225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.018
  23. Niculescu, M., Solomon, B. , Viscopoleanu, G., & Antoniac I. V. (2016). Evolution of Cementation Techniques and Bone Cements in Hip Arthroplasty. In: Antoniac, I. (eds) Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites. Springer, 859–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09230-0_42-1
  24. Parra, C., Gonzales, G., & Albano, C. (2005). Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) obtained by ultrasonic irradiation. e-Polymers, 025, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2005.5.1.273
  25. Paz, E., Ballesteros, Y., Forriol, F., Dunne, N. , & Real, J. C. D. (2019). Graphene and graphene oxide functionalisation with silanes for advanced dispersion and reinforcement of PMMA-based bone cements. Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications, 104, 109946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109946
  26. Prokopovich, P., Köbrick, M., Brousseau, E., & Perni, S. (2015). Potent antimicrobial activity of bone cement encapsulating silver nanoparticles capped with oleic acid. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 103(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33196
  27. Reckling, F. W., & Dillon, W. L. (1977). The bone- cement interface temperature during total joint replacement. Journal of Bone Joint Surgery, 59(1), 80–82. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-197759010-00014
  28. Rymuszka, D., Terpiłowski, K., Sternik, D., Tomczyńska-Mleko, M., & Goncharuk, O. (2017). Wettability and thermal analysis of hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nanocomposites. Adsorption Science & Technology, 35(5–6), 560–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617417701922
  29. Saleh, K. J., Othmani, M. M. E., Tzeng, T. H., Mihalko, W. M., Chambers, M. C., & Grupp, T. M. (2016). Acrylic bone cement in total joint arthroplasty: A review. Journal of Orthopaedics Research, 34(5), 737. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23184
  30. Soleymani, S., Bakhtiari, E., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H. , Karbasi, S., Tavakoli, M., Razzaghi, M., Ismail, A. F., Krishna, S. R., & Berto, F. (2020). Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Bone Cements Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide: An Overview of Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties. Polymers (Basel), 12(7), 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071469
  31. Ueno, T., Yamada, M., Igarashi, Y., & Ogawa, T. (2011). N-acetyl cysteine protects osteoblastic function from oxidative stress. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A, 99, 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.33211
  32. Wang, H., Maeda, T., & Miyazaki, T. (2021). Preparation of bioactive and antibacterial PMMA-based bone cement by modification with quaternary ammonium and alkoxysilane. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 36(2), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/08853282211004413
  33. Yamada, M., Kojima, N., Paranjpe, A., Att, W., Aita, H., Jewett, A. & Ogawa, T. (2008). N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-assisted detoxification of PMMA resin. Journal of Dental Research, 87, 372–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700417
  34. Yamada, M., & Ogawa, T. (2009). Chemodynamics underlying N-acetyl cysteine-mediated bone cement monomer detoxification. Acta Biomaterialia, 5, 2963–2973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.04.027
  35. Zaki, D.Y. (2018). Investigation of the in vitro bioactivity of poly methyl methacrylate bone cement loaded with hydrated and anhydrous white Portland cement powder. Future Dental Journal, 4(2), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fdj.2018.11.001
  36. Zhang, W., Frank Walboomers, X., van Kuppevelt, T. , Daamen, W. F., Bian, Z., & Jansen, J. A. (2006). The performance of human dental pulp stem cells on different three-dimensional scaffold materials. Biomaterials, 27(33), 5658-5668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.013
  37. Zhang, Z. , Teoh, S. H., Chong, W. S., Foo, T. T., Chng, Y. C., & Choolani, M. (2009). A biaxial rotating bioreactor for the culture of fetal mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 30(14), 2694-2704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.028
  38. Zhang, Z. , Teoh, S. H., Chong, M. S., Lee, E. S., Tan, L. G., & Mattar, C. N. (2010). Neo-vascularization and bone formation mediated by fetal mesenchymal stem cell tissue-engineered bone grafts in critical-size femoral defects. Biomaterials, 31(4), 608-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.078
  39. Zheng, Z., Chen, S., Liu, X., Wang Y., Bian Y., Feng, B., Zhao,, Sun, Y., Zhang H., Cui, F., Yang, X., & Weng, X. (2021). A bioactive polymethylmethacrylate bone cement for prosthesis fixation in osteoporotic hip replacement surgery. Materials & Design, 209, 109966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109966

  • Receive Date 21 January 2025
  • Revise Date 09 February 2025
  • Accept Date 03 March 2025