Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

Fabrication and Characterization of Carrageenan-Gallic Acid Scaffold Containing Halloysite Nanotubes Loaded with Erythromycin for Skin Tissue Engineering Application

Document Type : Original Reaearch Article

Authors
Samaneh Ashoorifard 1
Jhamak Nourmohammadi 2
Rahele Mashhadi 3
1 M.Sc. Student, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Student, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
10.30501/jamt.2025.505765.1319
Abstract
This study explores a carrageenan-Gallic acid scaffold incorporating halloysite nanotubes loaded with erythromycin for potential applications in skin tissue engineering. In this regard, erythromycin was encapsulated within halloysite nanotubes, and scaffolds containing 1, 3, and 5 wt% carrageenan were fabricated using the freeze-drying technique. The physicochemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical strength assessment, water absorption capacity, degradation rate analysis, antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, and fibroblast cell viability and migration assays. According to the SEM results, the porosity percentages of the scaffolds containing 1, 3, and 5 wt% carrageenan were calculated as 62.43±1.8%, 69.28±2.1%, and 71.28±3.9%, respectively. An increase in carrageenan content led to a rise in pore size and porosity, which consequently enhanced water absorption, accelerated degradation, and improved fibroblast cell viability and migration. However, a reduction in compressive strength and Young’s modulus was observed. The antibacterial evaluation demonstrated that the scaffold with 5 wt% carrageenan exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy due to increased drug release. Additionally, the antioxidant analysis revealed that the scaffold containing 1 wt% carrageenan exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the greater release of Gallic acid. Overall, the scaffold with 5 wt% carrageenan demonstrated optimal biocompatibility, superior antibacterial properties, and enhanced fibroblast viability and migration, making it a promising candidate for skin tissue engineering applications.
Keywords
Carrageenan
Gallic Acid
Tissue Engineering
Halloysite Nanotubes

Subjects

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Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies
Volume 14, Issue 1
Spring 2025
Pages 62-76

  • Receive Date 10 February 2025
  • Revise Date 11 March 2025
  • Accept Date 14 May 2025