Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies

Investigating the Effects of Sintering Variables on Microstructure and Density of PZT Fibers Fabricated via Extrusion Process

Document Type : Original Reaearch Article

Authors
Raziye Hayati 1
Iman Fereydoonpoor 2
Reza Fadaee 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Iran
2 M. Sc., Department of Materials Engineering, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
10.30501/jamt.2023.411504.1287
Abstract
In this research, PZT fibers were fabricated using PZT-5A commercial powder, polymeric additives, and deionized water as a solvent. The rheological behavior of different pastes with various amounts of solids and additives was investigated, and the best paste was selected for syringe injection (extrusion process). Meanwhile, the paste containing 85 wt % solid content and 1 wt % glycerol, prepared by a 15 wt % PVA solution, exhibited the best rheological behavior. The resulting fibers were dried at 100 °C, and the burnout process was conducted at 600 °C with the heating rate of 1 °C/min for 2 hours. The sintering process occured in the temperature range of 1220-1270 °C for 2.5-4 hours. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis conducted for phase investigations revealed that the fibers sintered at 1220 °C were characterized by a single-phase perovskite structure. Further, the peak splitting confirmed the ferroelectric nature of fiber. However, at higher sintering temperatures, the secondary peaks attributed to zirconium and titanium oxides appeared in the fiber diffraction patterns. According to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images from the surface of the fibers, the fibers sintered at 1220 °C for 2 hours were devoid of any cracks and possessed an acceptable density. Additionally, based on the SEM images from the fracture surface of the fibers, the microstructure of this sample comprised cuboid grains with the average size of 1.5 μm, which is half of the average grain size of bulk PZT with spherical grains at its optimum sintering temperature.
Keywords
Piezoelectric
Fiber
PZT
Sintering
Microstructure

Subjects

  1. Landau, D. P., Schuttler, H. B., Lewis, S., Bachmann, M., Bennett, J. W., "Discovery and design of functional materials: Integration of database searching and first principles calculations", Physics Procedia, 34, (2012), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.003
  2. Jo, W., Dittmer, R., Acosta, M., Zang, J., Groh, C., Sapper, E.,Wang, K., Rödel, J., "Giant electric-field-induced strains in lead-free ceramics for actuator applications–status and perspective", Journal of Electroceramics, 29, (2012), 71-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-012-9742-3
  3. Rödel, , Webber, K. G., Dittmer, R., Jo, W., Kimura, M., Damjanovic, D., "Transferring lead-free piezoelectric ceramics into application", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 35, (2015), 1659-1681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.12.013
  4. Uchino, K., Advanced Piezoelectric Materials, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, (2010). https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781845695347/advanced-piezoelectric-materials
  5. Ozevin, D., "MEMS acoustic emission sensors", Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 24, (2020), 8966. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248966
  6. Strock, H. B., Pascucci, M. R., Parish, M. V., Bent, A. A., Shrout, T. R., "Active PZT fibers, a commercial production process", Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Smart Materials Technologies, Newport Beach, California, (1999). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.352799
  7. Qiu, J., Tani, J., Kobayashi1, Y., Young Um, T., Takahashi, H., "Fabrication of piezoelectric ceramic fibers by extrusion of Pb (Zr, Ti)O3 powder and Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 sol mixture", Smart Materials Structure, Vol. 12, (2003), 331-337. https://doi.org/1088/0964-1726/12/3/303
  8. Bink, O., Nass, R., "Synthesis and characterization of PZT fibers via sol-gel", Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 13, (1998), 1023-1026. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008616516686
  9. Meyer Jr., R., Shrout, T., Yoshikawa, Sh., "Lead zirconate titanate fine fibers derived from alkoxide-based sol–gel technology", Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 81, No. 4, (1998), 861-868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.11512916.1998.tb02420.x
  10. Helbig, J., Glaubitt, W., Spaniol, H., Vierhaus, P., Lange, U., Hansch, R., Watzka, W., Sporn, D., "Development and technology of doped sol–gel derived lead zirconate titanate fibers", Smart Materials Structure, Vol. 12, (2003), 987-992. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/12/6/017
  11. Cho, K. -H., Priya, Sh., "Synthesis of ferroelectric PZT fibers using sol–gel technique", Materials Letters, Vol. 65, (2011), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.11.070
  12. Bowen, C. R., Stevens, R., Nelson, L. J., Dent, A. C., Dolman, G., Su, B., Button, T. W., Cain, M. G., Stewart, M., "Manufacture and characterization of high activity piezoelectric fibres", Smart Materials Structure, Vol. 15, (2006), 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964_1726/15/2/008
  13. Kornmann, X., Huber, C., "Microstructure, and mechanical properties of PZT fibres", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24, (2004), 1987-1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955_2219(03)00364-9
  14. French, J. D., Weitz, G. E., Luke, J. E., Cass, R. B., Jadidian, B., Janas, V., Safari, A., "Production of continuous piezoelectric fibers for sensor/actuator applications", IEEE, (1996). https://doi.org/1109/ISAF.1996.598163
  15. Hossain, M., Kim, A., "The effect of acetic acid on morphology of PZT nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning", Materials Letters, Vol. 63, (2009), 789792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.01.005
  16. Cung-Hao, Y., Chia-Hsin, L., Yi-Hui Wang, W., Syh-Yuh, Ch., Horng-Yi, Ch., "Fabrication and characterization of flexible PZT fiber and composite", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 434, (2012), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2012.732513
  17. Meister, F., Vorbach, D., Niemz, F., Schulze, T., Taeger, E., "High-tech-cellulose-funktionspolymere nach dem ALCERU-verfahren", Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Vol. 34, (2003), 262-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.200390056
  18. Heiber, J., Belloli, A., Ermanni, P., Clemens, F., "Ferroelectric characterization of single PZT fibers", Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 20, No. 4, (2008), 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X08094365
  19. "1-3 piezocomposite & transducers for ultrasound applications, 1-3 Composites Overview”, Available at smart-material.com.
  20. Chang, H. -Y., Yi, C. -H., Lin, C. -H., Cheng, S. -Y., "Surface-condensed piezoelectric fibers and composites", Materials Chemistry and Physics, 148, No. 3, (2014), 512-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.05.019
  21. Carazzone, J. R., Martin, Ch. L., Cordero, Z. C., "Crack initiation, propagation, and arrest in sintering powder aggregates", Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 103, No. 9, (2020), 4754-4773. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17170

 

 

Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies
Volume 12, Issue 2
Summer 2023
Pages 55-73

  • Receive Date 13 August 2023
  • Revise Date 20 September 2023
  • Accept Date 21 September 2023