مواد و فناوری‌های پیشرفته

مواد و فناوری‌های پیشرفته

بررسی هم‌افزایی پیش عملیات اسیدشویی و روش مکانوشیمیایی بر راندمان بازیابی لیتیوم از کاتد NCM811

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل پژوهشی

نویسندگان
آروین عطاری نواب 1، 2
رضا ریاحی فر 2، 3
بابک رئیسی دهکردی 2، 4
علیرضا آقایی 5
مازیار صهبا یغمایی 2، 6
1 دانشجوی دکتری، پژوهشکده فناوری نانو و مواد پیشرفته، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، ایران.
2 گروه تحقیق و توسعه، شرکت پارتیان باتری نوین، تهران، ایران.
3 دانشیار، پژوهشکده فناوری نانو و مواد پیشرفته، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، ایران.
4 استاد، پژوهشکده فناوری نانو و مواد پیشرفته، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، ایران.
5 دانشیار، پژوهشکده سرامیک، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، ایران.
6 استادیار، پژوهشکده فناوری نانو و مواد پیشرفته، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، ایران.
10.30501/jamt.2025.547364.1339
چکیده
افزایش نیاز جهانی به لیتیوم، به‌ویژه در صنعت باتری‌های لیتیوم-یون، ضرورت توسعه روش‌های نوین و کارآمد را برای بازیابی این عنصر حیاتی پررنگ ساخته است. در این پژوهش، تأثیر پیش‌عملیات اسیدشویی کوتاه‌مدت بر بازده فرایند مکانوشیمیایی استخراج لیتیوم از کاتدهای مصرف‌شده NCM811 موردبررسی قرار گرفت. سه بستر اسیدی شامل HCl، H2SO4+ H2O2 و CH3COOH+ H2O2  به‌عنوان سیستم‌های پیش‌لیچینگ انتخاب شدند و اثر هم‌افزایی آن‌ها با فرایند آسیاب مکانیکی و حضور مواد کمک‌آسیاب NaCl و SiO2 ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که پیش‌شستشو با H2SO4+ H2O2  در مراحل اولیه به‌دلیل تشکیل لایه‌های اکسیدی پایدار منجر به راندمان پایین در زمان‌ها و نسبت گلوله به پودر 30:1 شد؛ اما درادامه با افزایش زمان آسیاب و نسبت گلوله به پودر به 40:1، بازده بازیافت لیتیوم تا حدود 94% بهبود یافت. استفاده از HCl با غلظت 2 مولار، بازده بهتری نسبت به پیش‌شستشو با استفاده ازHCl  با غلظت 1 مولار به‌همراه داشت؛ به‌طوری‌که پس از 9 ساعت آسیاب مکانوشیمیایی، بیش از 89% لیتیوم بازیابی شد. درمقابل، استفاده از اسید‌استیک به‌دلیل قدرت اسیدی و اکسیدکنندگی پایین، کمترین بازده را (حدود 72% پس از 9 ساعت) نشان داد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که ترکیب راهبردی پیش‌شستشوی کوتاه‌مدت و هم‌افزایی آن با فرایندهای مکانوشیمیایی، می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک رویکرد مؤثر و توسعه‌پذیر برای بازیافت پایدار لیتیوم از منابع ثانویه مورداستفاده قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
بازیابی لیتیوم
مکانوشیمیایی
پیش‌شستشوی اسیدی
کاتدهای NCM811
آسیاب مکانیکی

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Investigation of the Synergetic effect of Acidic Pre-Treatment and Mechanochemical Method on Lithium Recovery Efficiency from NCM811 Cathodes

نویسندگان English

Arvin Attari Navab 1 2
Reza Riahifar 2 3
Babak Raissi Dehkordi 2 4
Alireza Aghaei 5
Maziar Sahba Yaghmaee 2 6
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
2 R&D Center, Parthian Battery Novin Co. Ltd, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
4 Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
5 Associate Professor, Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
6 Assistant Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده English

The rising global demand for lithium, particularly for lithium-ion batteries, necessitates efficient recovery methods from secondary sources. This study investigated the effect of short-term acid leaching pretreatment on mechanochemical lithium extraction from spent NCM811 cathodes. Three acid systems—HCl, H2SO4 with 4% vol. H2O2, and CH3COOH with 4% vol. H2O2—were tested, along with co-grinding milling powders (NaCl and SiO2). Pretreatment with H2SO4 and 4% vol. H2O2 initially reduced extraction efficiency due to the formation of a stable oxide layer; however, with extended milling and a higher ball-to-powder ratio (40:1), lithium recovery reached approximately 94%. HCl exhibited concentration-dependent effects, with 2 M HCl yielding over 89% recovery after 9 hours, while 1 M HCl resulted in lower performance. Acetic acid produced the lowest recovery (~72%) due to its weak acidity and limited oxidation strength. These findings demonstrate that combining short-term acid pretreatment with mechanochemical processing substantially enhances lithium recovery efficiency, offering a promising and scalable strategy for sustainable recycling of lithium from spent batteries.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Lithium Recovery
Mechanochemistry
Acid Pre-Leaching
NCM811 Cathodes
Mechanical Milling
1.       Aregai, G. T., Babu, K. V., Babu, B. V., Rao, P. S. V. S., & Veeraiah, V. (2019). Structural, electrical and electrochemical studies of copper substituted layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 43-52.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2018.12.004
2.       Attari Navab, A., Riahifar, R., Dehkordi, B. R., Aghaei, A., & Yaghmaee, M. S. (2025). Synergistic lithium liberation: coupling thermal shock with mechanochemical activation for ultra-efficient cathode recycling. Materials Letters, 402, 139353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2025.139353
3.       Bruno, M., & Fiore, S. (2023). Material Flow Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in Europe: Environmental and Economic Implications. Batteries, 9(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040231
4.       Chen, X., Fan, B., Xu, L., Zhou, T., & Kong, J. (2016). An atom-economic process for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 3562-3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.132
5.       Ding, Z., Li, J., Huang, Y., Lin, H., Wei, P., Li, J., Zhuge, X., Yang, Z., Qu, K., & Ren, Y. (2025). Closing the Loop on Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Green Electrometallurgical Recycling Approach. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 13(4), 1570-1581. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07920
6.       Dobrynina, T. A., Akhapkina, N. A., & Chuvaev, V. F. (1969). Synthesis and properties of lithium peroxide monoperoxyhydrate Li2O2· H2O2. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, 18(3), 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00906954
7.       Dolotko, O., Gehrke, N., Malliaridou, T., Sieweck, R., Herrmann, L., Hunzinger, B., ... & Ehrenberg, H. (2023). Universal and efficient extraction of lithium for lithium-ion battery recycling using mechanochemistry. Communications Chemistry, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00844-2
8.       Eum, D., Jang, H. Y., Kim, B., Chung, J., Kim, D., Cho, S. P., Song, S. H., Kang, S., Yu, S., Park, S. O., Song, J. H., Kim, H., Tamwattana, O., Kim, D. H., Lim, J., & Kang, K. (2023). Effects of cation superstructure ordering on oxygen redox stability in O2-type lithium-rich layered oxides. Energy & Environmental Science, 16(2), 673-686. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee03527h
9.       Gao, W., Song, J., Cao, H., Lin, X., Zhang, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Z. (2018). Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries–Process development and kinetics evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.040
10.     Gilligan, R., O’Malley, G. P., & Nikoloski, A. N. (2025). The Leaching of Valuable Metals (Li, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu) from Black Mass from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Metals, 15. (10), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15101155
11.     Goni, L. K. M. O., Bano, A., & Jafar Mazumder, M. A. (2025). Corrosion of metals by acetic acid: Mechanistic insights, industrial implications, and remediation approaches. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 437, 128326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128326
12.     Gu, H., Li, W., Li, Z., Guo, T., Wen, H., & Wang, N. (2020). Leaching Behavior of Lithium from Bauxite Residue Using Acetic Acid. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 37(2), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00181-1
13.     He, L. P., Sun, S. Y., Mu, Y. Y., Song, X.-F., & Yu, J. G. (2017). Recovery of Lithium, Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using L-Tartaric Acid as a Leachant. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(1), 714-721. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02056
14.     Kasri, M. A., Halizan, M. Z. M., Harun, I., Bahrudin, F. I., Daud, N., Aizamddin, M. F., ... & Mahat, M. M. (2024). Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review. RSC Advances, 14(22), 15515-15541. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA00972J
15.     Kaunda, R. B. (2020). Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 38(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596
16.     Liu, K., Liu, L., Tan, Q., & Li, J. (2021). Selective extraction of lithium from a spent lithium iron phosphate battery by mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation. Green Chemistry, 23(3), 1344-1352. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03683h
17.     Lee, C. K., & Rhee, K. I. (2003). Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy, 68(1-3), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00167-6
18.     Mata, M., & Hlaváček, P. (2024). Lithium Mining as a Tool for Economic and Energy Transformation of Region: Reflections on Policies, Processes and Communities. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(6), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.17052
19.     Musariri, B., Akdogan, G., Dorfling, C., & Bradshaw, S. (2019). Evaluating organic acids as alternative leaching reagents for metal recovery from lithium ion batteries. Minerals Engineering, 137, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.03.027
20.     Nadimi, H., & Jalalian Karazmoudeh, N. (2020). Leaching of Co, Mn and Ni Using H2O2 in Sulfuric Acid Medium from Mobile Phone LIBs. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 101(1), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-020-00221-6
21.     Partinen, J., Halli, P., Wilson, B. P., & Lundström, M. (2023). The impact of chlorides on NMC leaching in hydrometallurgical battery recycling. Minerals Engineering, 202, 108244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108244
22.     Periasamy, P., Kalaiselvi, N., & Kim, H. S. (2007). High Voltage and High Capacity Characteristics of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode for Lithium Battery Applications. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2(9), 68 689-699.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)17105-7
23.     Prziwara, P., Hamilton, L. D., Breitung-Faes, S., & Kwade, A. (2018). Impact of grinding aids and process parameters on dry stirred media milling. Powder Technology, 335, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.021
24.     Rowlands, S. A., Hall, A. K., McCormick, P. G., Street, R., Hart, R. J., Ebell, G. F., & Donecker, P. (1994). Destruction of toxic materials. Nature, 367(6460), 223-223. https://doi.org/10.1038/367223a0
25.     Ruberti, M. (2024). Pathways to greener primary lithium extraction for a really sustainable energy transition: Environmental challenges and pioneering innovations. Sustainability, 17(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010160
26.     Salari, H. (2021). Optimization Study of Nickel Leaching from Used Catalysts and Investigation of Nickel Separation by Precipitation. Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies, 9(4), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.30501/jamt.2020.232659.1093
27.     Shafagati, M., Babapoor, A., & Bamdezh, M. (2024). Enhancing Car Battery Energy Efficiency with Phase Change Material Nanocomposites: A Concise Review. Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment, 11(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.30501/jree.2023.388891.1563
28.     Sun, L., & Qiu, K. (2011). Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 194, 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114
29.     Takacova, Z., Havlik, T., Kukurugya, F., & Orac, D. (2016). Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach. Hydrometallurgy, 163, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.03.007
30.     Tyunina, M., Levoska, J., Pacherova, O., Kocourek, T., & Dejneka, A. (2022). Strain enhancement due to oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxide films. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 10(17), 6770-6777. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC04969K
31.     Vieceli, N., Benjamasutin, P., Promphan, R., Hellstrom, P., Paulsson, M., & Petranikova, M. (2023). Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: effect of hydrogen peroxide and a dosing method on the leaching of LCO, NMC oxides, and industrial black mass. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(26), 9662-9673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01238
32.     Wang, K., Zhang, G., & Luo, M. (2022a). Recovery of Valuable Metals from Cathode—Anode Mixed Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Organic Acids. Separations, 9(9), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090259
33.     Wang, M., Liu, K., Yu, J., Zhang, C.-C., Zhang, Z., & Tan, Q. (2022b). Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries using a mechanochemical approach. Circular Economy, 1(2), 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cec.2022.100012
34.     Wang, M., Tan, Q., & Li, J. (2018). Unveiling the Role and Mechanism of Mechanochemical Activation on Lithium Cobalt Oxide Powders from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(22), 13136-13143. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03469
35.     Wang, M., Tan, Q., Liu, L., & Li, J. (2021). Selective regeneration of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using ionic substitution stimulated by mechanochemistry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123612
36.     Wu, J., Xiao, L., Shen, L., Ran, J. J., Zhong, H., Zhu, Y. R., & Chen, H. (2024). Recent advancements in hydrometallurgical recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Rare Metals, 43(3), 879-899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02437-3
37.     Xuan, W., de Souza Braga, A., & Chagnes, A. (2021a). Development of a Novel Solvent Extraction Process to Recover Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, and Lithium from Cathodic Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 10(1), 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07109
38.     Xuan, W., de Souza Braga, A., Korbel, C., & Chagnes, A. (2021b). New insights in the leaching kinetics of cathodic materials in acidic chloride media for lithium-ion battery recycling. Hydrometallurgy, 204, 105705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105705
39.     Xuan, W., Otsuki, A., & Chagnes, A. (2019). Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O2) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes [10.1039/C9RA06686A]. RSC Advances, 9(66), 38612-38618. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA06686A
40.     Yang, K., Zhu, C., Li, J., Meng, B., Zhong, K., Huang, W., Yu, J., & Fang, Z. (2023). Electric field-assisted leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries in a mixture of acetic acid and ascorbic acid. Hydrometallurgy, 221, 106152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106152
41.     Yang, Y. N., Li, Y. X., Li, Y. Q., & Zhang, T. (2020). On-surface lithium donor reaction enables decarbonated lithium garnets and compatible interfaces within cathodes. Nature Communications, 11(1), 5519. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19417-1
42.     Yao, L., Yao, H., Xi, G., & Feng, Y. (2016). Recycling and synthesis of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 from waste lithium ion batteries using d, l-malic acid. Rsc Advances, 6(22), 17947-17954. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA25079J
43.     Yao, Y., Zhu, M., Zhao, Z., Tong, B., Fan, Y., & Hua, Z. (2018). Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(11), 13611-13627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545
44.     Yi, A. F., Zhu, Z. W., Liu, Y. H., Zhang, J., Su, H., & Qi, T. (2021). Using highly concentrated chloride solutions to leach valuable metals from cathode-active materials in spent lithium-ion batteries. Rare Metals, 40(7), 1971-1978. https://doi.org/101007/s12598-020-01503-4
45.     Yu, H., So, Y. G., Kuwabara, A., Tochigi, E., Shibata, N., Kudo, T., ... & Ikuhara, Y. (2016). Crystalline grain interior configuration affects lithium migration kinetics in Li-rich layered oxide. Nano letters, 16(5), 2907-2915. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2016-03/2/879
46.     Zhang, J., Ding, Y., Shi, H., Shao, P., Yuan, X., Hu, X., ... & Luo, X. (2024). Selective recycling of lithium from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathode via constructing a synergistic leaching environment. Journal of Environmental Management, 352, 120021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120021
47.     Zhao, Q., Sun, K., Wang, X., Wang, Q., & Wang, J. (2024). Examining green-sustainable approaches for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. DeCarbon, 3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100034
1.       Aregai, G. T., Babu, K. V., Babu, B. V., Rao, P. S. V. S., & Veeraiah, V. (2019). Structural, electrical and electrochemical studies of copper substituted layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 43-52.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2018.12.004
2.       Attari Navab, A., Riahifar, R., Dehkordi, B. R., Aghaei, A., & Yaghmaee, M. S. (2025). Synergistic lithium liberation: coupling thermal shock with mechanochemical activation for ultra-efficient cathode recycling. Materials Letters, 402, 139353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2025.139353
3.       Bruno, M., & Fiore, S. (2023). Material Flow Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in Europe: Environmental and Economic Implications. Batteries, 9(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040231
4.       Chen, X., Fan, B., Xu, L., Zhou, T., & Kong, J. (2016). An atom-economic process for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 3562-3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.132
5.       Ding, Z., Li, J., Huang, Y., Lin, H., Wei, P., Li, J., Zhuge, X., Yang, Z., Qu, K., & Ren, Y. (2025). Closing the Loop on Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: A Green Electrometallurgical Recycling Approach. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 13(4), 1570-1581. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07920
6.       Dobrynina, T. A., Akhapkina, N. A., & Chuvaev, V. F. (1969). Synthesis and properties of lithium peroxide monoperoxyhydrate Li2O2· H2O2. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, 18(3), 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00906954
7.       Dolotko, O., Gehrke, N., Malliaridou, T., Sieweck, R., Herrmann, L., Hunzinger, B., ... & Ehrenberg, H. (2023). Universal and efficient extraction of lithium for lithium-ion battery recycling using mechanochemistry. Communications Chemistry, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00844-2
8.       Eum, D., Jang, H. Y., Kim, B., Chung, J., Kim, D., Cho, S. P., Song, S. H., Kang, S., Yu, S., Park, S. O., Song, J. H., Kim, H., Tamwattana, O., Kim, D. H., Lim, J., & Kang, K. (2023). Effects of cation superstructure ordering on oxygen redox stability in O2-type lithium-rich layered oxides. Energy & Environmental Science, 16(2), 673-686. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee03527h
9.       Gao, W., Song, J., Cao, H., Lin, X., Zhang, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Z. (2018). Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries–Process development and kinetics evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.040
10.     Gilligan, R., O’Malley, G. P., & Nikoloski, A. N. (2025). The Leaching of Valuable Metals (Li, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu) from Black Mass from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Metals, 15. (10), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15101155
11.     Goni, L. K. M. O., Bano, A., & Jafar Mazumder, M. A. (2025). Corrosion of metals by acetic acid: Mechanistic insights, industrial implications, and remediation approaches. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 437, 128326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128326
12.     Gu, H., Li, W., Li, Z., Guo, T., Wen, H., & Wang, N. (2020). Leaching Behavior of Lithium from Bauxite Residue Using Acetic Acid. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 37(2), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00181-1
13.     He, L. P., Sun, S. Y., Mu, Y. Y., Song, X.-F., & Yu, J. G. (2017). Recovery of Lithium, Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using L-Tartaric Acid as a Leachant. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(1), 714-721. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02056
14.     Kasri, M. A., Halizan, M. Z. M., Harun, I., Bahrudin, F. I., Daud, N., Aizamddin, M. F., ... & Mahat, M. M. (2024). Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review. RSC Advances, 14(22), 15515-15541. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA00972J
15.     Kaunda, R. B. (2020). Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 38(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596
16.     Liu, K., Liu, L., Tan, Q., & Li, J. (2021). Selective extraction of lithium from a spent lithium iron phosphate battery by mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation. Green Chemistry, 23(3), 1344-1352. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03683h
17.     Lee, C. K., & Rhee, K. I. (2003). Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy, 68(1-3), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00167-6
18.     Mata, M., & Hlaváček, P. (2024). Lithium Mining as a Tool for Economic and Energy Transformation of Region: Reflections on Policies, Processes and Communities. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(6), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.17052
19.     Musariri, B., Akdogan, G., Dorfling, C., & Bradshaw, S. (2019). Evaluating organic acids as alternative leaching reagents for metal recovery from lithium ion batteries. Minerals Engineering, 137, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.03.027
20.     Nadimi, H., & Jalalian Karazmoudeh, N. (2020). Leaching of Co, Mn and Ni Using H2O2 in Sulfuric Acid Medium from Mobile Phone LIBs. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 101(1), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-020-00221-6
21.     Partinen, J., Halli, P., Wilson, B. P., & Lundström, M. (2023). The impact of chlorides on NMC leaching in hydrometallurgical battery recycling. Minerals Engineering, 202, 108244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108244
22.     Periasamy, P., Kalaiselvi, N., & Kim, H. S. (2007). High Voltage and High Capacity Characteristics of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode for Lithium Battery Applications. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2(9), 68 689-699.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)17105-7
23.     Prziwara, P., Hamilton, L. D., Breitung-Faes, S., & Kwade, A. (2018). Impact of grinding aids and process parameters on dry stirred media milling. Powder Technology, 335, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.021
24.     Rowlands, S. A., Hall, A. K., McCormick, P. G., Street, R., Hart, R. J., Ebell, G. F., & Donecker, P. (1994). Destruction of toxic materials. Nature, 367(6460), 223-223. https://doi.org/10.1038/367223a0
25.     Ruberti, M. (2024). Pathways to greener primary lithium extraction for a really sustainable energy transition: Environmental challenges and pioneering innovations. Sustainability, 17(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010160
26.     Salari, H. (2021). Optimization Study of Nickel Leaching from Used Catalysts and Investigation of Nickel Separation by Precipitation. Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies, 9(4), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.30501/jamt.2020.232659.1093
27.     Shafagati, M., Babapoor, A., & Bamdezh, M. (2024). Enhancing Car Battery Energy Efficiency with Phase Change Material Nanocomposites: A Concise Review. Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment, 11(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.30501/jree.2023.388891.1563
28.     Sun, L., & Qiu, K. (2011). Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 194, 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114
29.     Takacova, Z., Havlik, T., Kukurugya, F., & Orac, D. (2016). Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach. Hydrometallurgy, 163, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.03.007
30.     Tyunina, M., Levoska, J., Pacherova, O., Kocourek, T., & Dejneka, A. (2022). Strain enhancement due to oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxide films. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 10(17), 6770-6777. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC04969K
31.     Vieceli, N., Benjamasutin, P., Promphan, R., Hellstrom, P., Paulsson, M., & Petranikova, M. (2023). Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: effect of hydrogen peroxide and a dosing method on the leaching of LCO, NMC oxides, and industrial black mass. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(26), 9662-9673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01238
32.     Wang, K., Zhang, G., & Luo, M. (2022a). Recovery of Valuable Metals from Cathode—Anode Mixed Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Organic Acids. Separations, 9(9), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090259
33.     Wang, M., Liu, K., Yu, J., Zhang, C.-C., Zhang, Z., & Tan, Q. (2022b). Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries using a mechanochemical approach. Circular Economy, 1(2), 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cec.2022.100012
34.     Wang, M., Tan, Q., & Li, J. (2018). Unveiling the Role and Mechanism of Mechanochemical Activation on Lithium Cobalt Oxide Powders from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(22), 13136-13143. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03469
35.     Wang, M., Tan, Q., Liu, L., & Li, J. (2021). Selective regeneration of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using ionic substitution stimulated by mechanochemistry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123612
36.     Wu, J., Xiao, L., Shen, L., Ran, J. J., Zhong, H., Zhu, Y. R., & Chen, H. (2024). Recent advancements in hydrometallurgical recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Rare Metals, 43(3), 879-899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02437-3
37.     Xuan, W., de Souza Braga, A., & Chagnes, A. (2021a). Development of a Novel Solvent Extraction Process to Recover Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, and Lithium from Cathodic Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 10(1), 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07109
38.     Xuan, W., de Souza Braga, A., Korbel, C., & Chagnes, A. (2021b). New insights in the leaching kinetics of cathodic materials in acidic chloride media for lithium-ion battery recycling. Hydrometallurgy, 204, 105705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105705
39.     Xuan, W., Otsuki, A., & Chagnes, A. (2019). Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O2) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes [10.1039/C9RA06686A]. RSC Advances, 9(66), 38612-38618. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA06686A
40.     Yang, K., Zhu, C., Li, J., Meng, B., Zhong, K., Huang, W., Yu, J., & Fang, Z. (2023). Electric field-assisted leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries in a mixture of acetic acid and ascorbic acid. Hydrometallurgy, 221, 106152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106152
41.     Yang, Y. N., Li, Y. X., Li, Y. Q., & Zhang, T. (2020). On-surface lithium donor reaction enables decarbonated lithium garnets and compatible interfaces within cathodes. Nature Communications, 11(1), 5519. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19417-1
42.     Yao, L., Yao, H., Xi, G., & Feng, Y. (2016). Recycling and synthesis of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 from waste lithium ion batteries using d, l-malic acid. Rsc Advances, 6(22), 17947-17954. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA25079J
43.     Yao, Y., Zhu, M., Zhao, Z., Tong, B., Fan, Y., & Hua, Z. (2018). Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(11), 13611-13627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545
44.     Yi, A. F., Zhu, Z. W., Liu, Y. H., Zhang, J., Su, H., & Qi, T. (2021). Using highly concentrated chloride solutions to leach valuable metals from cathode-active materials in spent lithium-ion batteries. Rare Metals, 40(7), 1971-1978. https://doi.org/101007/s12598-020-01503-4
45.     Yu, H., So, Y. G., Kuwabara, A., Tochigi, E., Shibata, N., Kudo, T., ... & Ikuhara, Y. (2016). Crystalline grain interior configuration affects lithium migration kinetics in Li-rich layered oxide. Nano letters, 16(5), 2907-2915. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2016-03/2/879
46.     Zhang, J., Ding, Y., Shi, H., Shao, P., Yuan, X., Hu, X., ... & Luo, X. (2024). Selective recycling of lithium from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathode via constructing a synergistic leaching environment. Journal of Environmental Management, 352, 120021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120021
47.     Zhao, Q., Sun, K., Wang, X., Wang, Q., & Wang, J. (2024). Examining green-sustainable approaches for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. DeCarbon, 3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100034
48.     Zhong, Y. D., Zhao, X. B., & Cao, G. S. (2005). Characterization of solid-state synthesized pure and doped lithium nickel cobalt oxides. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 121(3), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.04.007
49.     Zuo, X., Xia, P., Li, H., Mao, W., & Bao, K. (2025). Fast and highly selective lithium leaching and regeneration of spent ternary cathode materials. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 29(5), 1963-1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-024-06145-5
 
مواد و فناوری‌های پیشرفته
دوره 14، شماره 3
پاییز 1404
صفحه 27-47

  • تاریخ دریافت 29 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 30 مهر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 06 دی 1404